A cormorant standing on a rock with its wings outstretched over blue water

A field atlas of Phalacrocoracidae

Built for
the deep.

Meet the world’s cormorants and shags—expert divers shaped by coast, current, cliff, and inland water.

01

Wings open to the wind
after a foraging dive

Explore

One form.
Many waters.

Cormorants are pursuit divers: long-bodied waterbirds that chase fish below the surface, driven by powerful webbed feet. They live on every continent except the high interior of Antarctica.

The names cormorant and shag are historical, not scientific divisions. Modern checklists place both in a single family, Phalacrocoracidae.

34species recognized by AviList v2025b
7living genera
6continents with breeding species
1flightless living species
A Flightless Cormorant standing on dark Galápagos lava
Evolution at the edgeGalápagos

Nannopterum harrisi

The diver that left flight behind.

Isolated on fish-rich volcanic shores, the Flightless Cormorant traded large wings for a heavier body and exceptional underwater power.

02

The dive kit

Less air. More control.

Cormorant plumage traps less air than a duck’s, reducing buoyancy underwater. That makes diving efficient—and helps explain the family’s familiar wing-drying posture.

A Great Cormorant flying with wings extended
In flightLong tail · steady wingbeats

The complete world index

Find a cormorant.

Search all 34 recognized species by name or field mark, then narrow the index by region and conservation status—including the extinct Spectacled Cormorant.

Showing 34 of 34
01Great CormorantPhalacrocorax carboWidespreadLC
Field markwhite thigh patch
Typical habitatCoasts · lakes · rivers

A heavy, blocky-headed cormorant with an exceptionally broad range across the Old World and beyond.

04Flightless CormorantNannopterum harrisiAmericasVU
Field marktiny ragged wings
Typical habitatRocky volcanic shores

Found only around Fernandina and Isabela in the Galápagos; the world’s only living flightless cormorant.

05European ShagGulosus aristotelisEuropeLC
Field markslender bill · peaked crown
Typical habitatRocky marine coasts

A lithe, green-glossed marine specialist closely tied to rocky coasts and offshore islands.

07Pelagic CormorantUrile pelagicusNorth PacificLC
Field markslender neck · white flank patches
Typical habitatCliffs · rocky coasts

Compact and delicate-billed, often nesting on steep sea cliffs from Japan to western North America.

08Red-faced CormorantUrile urileNorth PacificLC
Field markred facial skin
Typical habitatCold coasts · islands

A richly ornamented Bering Sea species, with red facial skin and pale breeding plumes.

09Little Pied CormorantMicrocarbo melanoleucosAustralasiaLC
Field markpied underparts
Typical habitatWetlands · estuaries

A small, short-billed cormorant occurring in both boldly pied and darker plumage forms.

10Little Black CormorantPhalacrocorax sulcirostrisAustralasiaLC
Field markall-black · slim bill
Typical habitatCoasts · inland waters

A social hunter of Australia and nearby islands, sometimes fishing in coordinated flocks.

11Little CormorantMicrocarbo nigerAsiaLC
Field markcompact body · short bill
Typical habitatPonds · marshes · rivers

A small freshwater cormorant widespread across the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.

12Indian CormorantPhalacrocorax fuscicollisAsiaLC
Field marklong narrow bill
Typical habitatLakes · rivers · estuaries

A sleek South Asian species with a distinctive blue-green eye and a relatively long, thin bill.

13Reed CormorantMicrocarbo africanusAfricaLC
Field marksmall size · long tail
Typical habitatLakes · rivers · wetlands

A widespread African freshwater species, often seen fishing alone around vegetated margins.

14Crowned CormorantMicrocarbo coronatusAfricaLC
Field marksmall crest · red eye
Typical habitatBenguela rocky coast

A compact coastal endemic of Namibia and western South Africa, closely associated with kelp shores.

15Pygmy CormorantMicrocarbo pygmaeusEuropeLC
Field marksmall size · long tail
Typical habitatReedbeds · deltas · lakes

A small cormorant of southeastern Europe and western Asia, favoring lowland freshwater wetlands.

16Socotra CormorantPhalacrocorax nigrogularisAsiaVU
Field markslender black silhouette
Typical habitatArabian coasts · islands

A regional Gulf and Arabian Sea endemic that forms immense, densely packed breeding colonies.

17Cape CormorantPhalacrocorax capensisAfricaEN
Field markturquoise eye · orange gape
Typical habitatBenguela marine coast

A schooling seabird of the productive Benguela Current, threatened by food-web change and disturbance.

18Guanay CormorantLeucocarbo bougainvilliorumAmericasNT
Field markred facial skin · white belly
Typical habitatHumboldt Current coast

A colonial black-and-white cormorant whose guano deposits once supported a major coastal industry.

19Red-legged CormorantPoikilocarbo gaimardiAmericasNT
Field markcoral feet · grey body
Typical habitatRocky Pacific coast

The family’s most colorful outlier, living along the Pacific coast of South America.

20Imperial ShagLeucocarbo atricepsSouthern OceanNE
Field markblue eye · white cheek
Typical habitatPatagonian coasts · islands

A robust blue-eyed shag of southern South America, often nesting in vast, noisy colonies.

21Rock ShagLeucocarbo magellanicusAmericasLC
Field markred facial skin · white underparts
Typical habitatPatagonian rocky coasts

A striking black-and-white shag of southern Chile, Argentina, and the Falkland Islands.

22Bounty ShagLeucocarbo ranfurlyiAustralasiaVU
Field markblack head · white belly
Typical habitatSubantarctic rocky islands

Restricted to New Zealand’s tiny, storm-lashed Bounty Islands, where nearly the entire population breeds.

23New Zealand King ShagLeucocarbo carunculatusAustralasiaVU
Field markpink feet · yellow caruncles
Typical habitatMarlborough Sounds islands

A rare marine endemic confined to a small cluster of breeding sites in New Zealand’s Marlborough Sounds.

24Stewart Island ShagLeucocarbo chalconotusAustralasiaVU
Field markbronze sheen · orange face
Typical habitatSouthern New Zealand coasts

A polymorphic New Zealand shag occurring in pied and dark forms around Otago, Foveaux Strait, and Stewart Island.

25Chatham ShagLeucocarbo onslowiAustralasiaCR
Field markblue eye ring · yellow caruncles
Typical habitatChatham Islands coasts

A critically endangered island endemic with a very small population breeding only in the Chatham archipelago.

26Auckland ShagLeucocarbo colensoiAustralasiaVU
Field markblue eye ring · white cheek
Typical habitatAuckland Islands coasts

Confined to the remote Auckland Islands south of New Zealand, where it forages close to rugged shores.

27Campbell ShagLeucocarbo campbelliAustralasiaVU
Field markblue eye ring · dark crest
Typical habitatCampbell Island coast

A subantarctic endemic found only around Campbell Island and its offshore stacks.

28Spectacled CormorantUrile perspicillatusNorth PacificEX
Field markmassive body · pale spectacles
Typical habitatBering Sea islands

The largest recent cormorant, known from the Commander Islands and extinct since the nineteenth century.

29Bank CormorantPhalacrocorax neglectusAfricaEN
Field markheavy bill · dark bronze body
Typical habitatBenguela kelp coast

An endangered southwestern African endemic dependent on the cold, productive Benguela Current.

30Japanese CormorantPhalacrocorax capillatusAsiaLC
Field markangular white face patch
Typical habitatRocky coasts · islands

A large coastal cormorant of northeast Asia and the traditional species used in Japanese cormorant fishing.

31Pitt ShagPhalacrocorax featherstoniAustralasiaEN
Field markgrey body · yellow feet
Typical habitatChatham Islands coasts

A slender endangered shag found only around the Chatham Islands, especially Pitt and adjacent islands.

32Spotted ShagPhalacrocorax punctatusAustralasiaLC
Field markspotted wings · swept crest
Typical habitatNew Zealand rocky coasts

A distinctively patterned New Zealand marine shag with a long crest and yellow-green facial skin.

33Black-faced CormorantPhalacrocorax fuscescensAustralasiaLC
Field markblack face · white underparts
Typical habitatSouthern Australian coasts

A marine specialist of southern Australia and Tasmania, usually seen along exposed rocky coasts.

34Australian Pied CormorantPhalacrocorax variusAustralasiaLC
Field markwhite face · yellow eye patch
Typical habitatCoasts · estuaries · large lakes

A large black-and-white cormorant of Australia and New Zealand, formerly widely called the Pied Cormorant.

A Little Pied Cormorant perched with wings openMicrocarbo melanoleucos

Read the bird,
not just the plumage.

  1. 01
    Start with structure

    Compare bill weight, tail length, body bulk, and head shape.

  2. 02
    Notice the water

    Open coast, sheltered bay, and inland wetland each narrow the field.

  3. 03
    Check the season

    Crests, white filoplumes, colored skin, and thigh patches can be brief.

  4. 04
    Watch behavior

    Flight style, flocking, perch choice, and foraging pattern all carry clues.

Reading the signal

Abundant is not the same as secure.

Many cormorants remain widespread. Others depend on a single current system, island group, or narrow coastal strip. Oil pollution, entanglement, disturbance, invasive predators, and shifts in prey can quickly reshape those populations.

LC

Least Concern

NT

Near Threatened

VU

Vulnerable

EN

Endangered

CR

Critically Endangered

EX

Extinct

NE

Not Evaluated

A living reference.

Taxonomy changes as evidence improves. The family count, names, sequence, and complete 34-species index follow AviList v2025b, including the extinct Spectacled Cormorant. Conservation labels are concise reference signals, not substitutes for live species assessments.